Each mitigation strategy has costs and benefits, so the objective function is to maximize the net benefit of mitigation strategies. In practice, the optimal risk mitigation strategy equates marginal costs to marginal benefits by minimizing the incidence of adverse effects derivative of decision failures and maximi.
Risk management, managerial economics, and policy sciences use the terms adverse selection and moral hazard to describe circumstances in which one party to a market transaction is at a disadvantage because of asymmetric information. In market transactions, adverse selection occurs when there is a lack of symmetric information prior to agreements between sellers and buyers, whereas moral hazard occurs when there is asymmetric information between the two parties and material conflict.
Adverse selection occurs when one party makes decisions without all the relevant material information, for instance when one party to a contract or negotiation has material information relevant to the contract or negotiation that the other party does not, and this asymmetric material information causes the party lacking relevant and material information to make decisions that have adverse effects on it.
Adverse selection happens when the actual risk is significantly higher than the risk known at the time the agreement was reached; one party suffers adverse effects by accepting terms or receiving prices that do not accurately reflect the actual risk; and one party suffers adverse effects by having access to better or materially relevant information than the other party during a transaction.
In order to reduce the risks of negative effects associated with adverse selection and moral hazard, economic and policy sciences propose that decision makers must not only be aware of but also comprehend and predict the repercussions of asymmetric knowledge.
This is a classic example of the negative effects derived from adverse selection and moral hazard, where non-selective academic programs attract a disproportionate number of students whose previous academic background and profile make them higher risk for academic success, retention, graduation, and placement.
Non-selective students are at a higher risk for retention, graduation, and placement because, for instance, the non-selective admission process combines recruitment and selection, which results in adverse selection; once admitted, refusal to attend classes, refusal to complete assignments, refusal to take notes in classes, critical listening, disruptive and inattentive conduct in classes are examples of post-enrollment moral hazard. Please note that it is not the change in behavior that causes this risk.
The focus on enrollment is necessary but short-sighted and misguided because in practice, these benchmarks and indices are interrelated, and there is growing evidence that some of these non-selective academic programs are increasingly willing to accept higher risks derivative of adverse selection and moral hazard because their operating budget is enrollment driven.
In the insurance industry, insured healthy females in childbearing age and healthy middle-aged females who then look for unconventional ways to conceive present adverse selection and moral hazard problems, and insurance applicants whose actual risks are significantly higher than the risks known by the insurance company are potentially interesting case studies.
Strategies for Reducing Risks and Some Useful Advice
The following general guidelines are based on a review of the academic literature that is currently available, cumulative professional experience, and best industry practices. In sum, adverse selection and moral hazard derivative of asymmetric information expose parties to transactions to excessive amounts of higher risks for which they are not adequately and appropriately compensated.
Screening and sorting to reduce adverse selection, incentive contracts to reduce moral hazard, and strategic intelligence systems (SIS) that provide pertinent, accurate, and timely identification and quantification of risk factors are strongly advised, according to managerial economic principles and best industry practices.
In terms of risk management, it is strongly advised to use aggregate limitations of liability, policy riders that prohibit major post-contract unilateral actions and cap aggregate financial risks to parties, as well as conclusive disclosure, discovery, monitoring, random inspection, and verification.
The decision systems and strategic intelligence systems must be transparent and provide timely, accurate, and relevant information to facilitate decisions based on known probabilities of risks incidence and allocation between the parties to the transactions with due and appropriate compensation, as adverse selection results from hidden characteristics and profiles and moral hazard results from hidden actions.""" - https://www.affordablecebu.com/
